The year 2011-2012 being the International Year of Chemistry, the focus of the department was to broaden the scientific temperament of teachers and students, alike.

The students were encouraged to “think beyond” in the way of assignments as posters, static models and power point presentations as part of their curriculum.

Teachers were encouraged to apprise themselves of the recent advances through submission of Minor and Major research projects, participation in seminars, workshops, paper and poster presentation in national and international reputed journals and Science Meets, and refresher and orientation courses as also clearing the mandatory NET examination.

The students were encouraged to contribute towards Community Service through participation in Mini Marathon organized by the Terry Fox Foundation in aid of Cancer Patients.

Name	Designation	Qualification	Specialization
Dr. B.K.N.Singh	Assoc Prof	M.Sc. Ph.D.	Organic
Dr.Shipra Biswas	Assoc Prof	M.Sc.B.Ed.MPhil.Ph.D	Inorganic
Dr.Sreela Dasgupta	Assoc Prof	B.Sc.(Hons)M.Sc.B.Ed.Ph.D	Organic
Dr.Rita Sharma	Assoc Prof	M.Sc. Ph.D.	Inorganic
Dr.Sangeeta Parab	Assoc Prof	M.Sc. Ph.D.	Analytical
Dr.Supriya Deshmukh	Assoc Prof	M.Sc. Ph.D.	Analytical
Dr.Sajith Chandran	Assoc Prof	M. Sc. Ph.D.	Analytical
Mr.Gokul Ganesan	Assoc Prof	M.Sc. NET	Organic

 

Click here for Syllabus of F.Y.Bsc

Click here for Syllabus of F.Y.Bsc

Click here for Syllabus of F.Y.Bsc

 

Applied Component for Drugs & Dyes

Syllabus for Dyes (TYBSc) 2010

Unit – 1

1. Introduction to dyestuff chemistry (5L)

1. 1 Important landmarks in the history of dyes

1.1.1 Natural colouring matters and their limitations : eg. : Henna, Turmeric Kesar, Chlorophyll, Indigo, Alizarin from roots of madder plants, Logwood, Tyrian purple, Cochineal.

1.1.2 Important milestones in the development of the synthetic dyes : Mauve, Diazotization, Bismark Brown, Aniline Yellow, Congo Red, Indigo, Indanthrene.

Disperse dyes.  Fluorescent brighteners, Procion reactive dyes.  Remazol dyes (emphasis on name of the scientist and the year of the discovery of dye. Structure is not expected).

1.2 Definition of dyes, properties i.e. colour,,chromophore, auxochrome, Solubility, linearity, coplanarity, fastness properties, substantity, economic Viability.

1.3  Explanation of nomenclature of commercial dyes with atleast one example. Suffixes – G, O, R, B, 6B, GK, 4GK, 6GK, L, S
Explanation : Naming of dyes by colour index (two examples).

1.4       Brief idea of the important dye industry.

2.         Classification of dyes based on constitution  (4L)

(Examples as mentioned below with structures)

1. Nitro dyes – Naphthol Yelow S
2. Nitroso dyes – Gambine Y
3. Azo dyes –
   1. Monoazo dyes – Metanil Yellow
   2. Disazo dyes – Napthol Blue Back
   3. Trisazo dyes – Chloramine Green B
4. Diphenylmethane dyes – Auramine G
5. Triphenylmethane dyes –
   1. Malachite Green Series – Napthalene Green V
   2. Magenta series – Acid Magenta
   3. Rosolic acid series – Chrome Violet
6. Heterocyclic dyes –
   1. Xanthenes – Rhodamine 6G
   2. Acridines – Acriflavine
   3. Azines – Safranine B
   4. Oxaiznes – Caprit Blue
   5. Thiazines – Methylene Green
   6. Quinolines – Quinoline Yellow
   7. Thiazoles – Primuline
7. Benzoquinones and Naphthaquinones – Napthazarin
8. Anthraquinone dyes – Flavanthrene, Indanthrene, Turquoise Blue 3GK
9. Indigoids – Indigo Caramine
10. Phthalocyanines – Sirus Light Green FFGL

3. Classification based on applications  (6L)
Definition, fastness properties & applicability on substrates, examples with structures.

1. Acid dyes – Orange II, Alizarin Sky Blue B.
2. Basic dyes – Methyl Violet, Victoria Blue B.
3. Direct Cotton dyes – Chrysophenine G, Benzo Fast Yellow 5GL.
4. Azoic dyes – Diazo components : Fast Yellow G. Fast Orange R; Coupling components : Naphtol AS, Naphtol ASG.
5. Mordant dyes – Eriochrome Black A, Alizarin.
6. Vat dyes – Indanthrene Brown RRD, Indanthrene Red 5GK, Caledon Jade Green.
7. Sulphur dyes – Sulphur Black T. (No structure)
8. Disperse dyes – Celliton Fast Brown 3R, Perlon Fast Blue FFR.
9. Reactive dyes – Cibacron Brilliant Red B, Procion Brilliant Orange MG Procion Brilliant Blue HB.

Unit – 2

4.         Colour and chemical constitution of dyes  (5L)

4.1       Absorption of visible light, colour of wavelength absorbed, complementary colour. 

4.2       Relation between colour & chemical constitution.

1. Witt’s Theory  :  Chromophore, auxochrome, bathochromic and hypsochromic shift, hypochromic and hyperchromic effect.
2. Armstrong theory (quinonoid theory) and its limitations.
3. Valence bond theory : Comparative study and relation of colour in the following classes of compounds / dyes : benzene, nitrobenzene, nitroanilines; nitrophenols : benzoquinones : azo : triphenylmethane : anthraquinone.
4. Molecular orbital theory.

5 Non-textile uses of dyes (6L) 
Structural features of the substrate, fastness and other property requirements And main classes of dyes used to be mentioned as applicable.

Two examples with structures for each of the following)

(1)  Leather dyes

(2)  Paper dyes

(3)  Foodstuff dyes 

(4)  Cosmetic dyes

(5)  Medicinal dyes

(6)  Biological staining agents

(7)  Indicators & analytical reagents

(8)  Coloured smokes & camouflage Colours

9)  Laser dyes

(10)  Solvent dyes

6. Optical brighteners (2L)

General idea, distinguish between dyes and pigments.  Important characteristics of organic pigments, toners & lakes. Classification of organic pigments with suitable examples, i.e. Ionic pigments – lakes of acid and basic dyes, Nonionic pigments – azo, indigoids, anthraquinone, quinacridone, phthalocyanine (Copper phthalocyanine), Uses of pigments.

Unit – 3

8 . Intermediates (11L)

8.1       A brief idea of unit processes

8.1.1    Introduction of primary intermediates, unit processes

8.1.2   

(a) Nitration,

(b) Sulphonation,

(c) Halogenation,

(d) Diazotization :

3 different methods,

(e) Ammonolysis,

(f) N- and O-alkylation,

(g) Oxidation

N.B.     Definition, reagents, examples with reaction conditions (mechanism is not expected)

8.2       Preparation of the following intermediates.

8.2.3    Benzene derivatives : Benzenesulphonic acid, 1,3-benzenedisulphonic acid,Phenol, resorcinol, sulphanilic acid, o-, m-, p-chloronitrobenzenes, o-, m-, p-nitroanilines, o-, m-, p-phenylenediamines, picric acid. Naphthol ASG.

8.2.2    Naphthalne derivatives : α, β-Naphthols, a, β-naphthylamines, Schaeffer acid, Tobias acid, napthionic acid, N.W. acid, Clev-6-acid, H acid, Naphthol AS.

8.2.3    Anthracene derivatives : 1-Nitroanthraquinone. 1-aminoanthraquinone. 2 – aminoanthraquinone, 2 – methylanthraquinone, anthraquinone – 1 – sulphonic acid, anthraquinone -2-sulphonic acid, 1- chloroanthraquinone, 2-chloroanthraquinone : benzanthrone

9. Dyeing methods and forces of binding dyes to the fibres (4L)

9.1       Dyeing methods of cotton fibres

(i) Direct dyeing,

(ii) Vat dyeing,

(iii) Mordant dyeing,

(iv) Disperse Dyeing

9.2  Forces binding dyes to the fibres : Ionic forces, hydrogen bonds, Vander Waal’s forces, covalent linkages.

Unit 4

10. Synthesis of specific dyes and their uses (12L)

i)   Orange IV from sulphanilic acid.

ii)   Tartrazine by using ethyl acetate and diethyl oxalate.

iii)   Eriochrome Black T from  β – naphthol.

iv) Eriochrome Black A from β - naphthol

v)  Eriochrome Red B by using ethyl accetoacetate and 1 –amino 2-naphthol-4-sulphonic acid.

vi) Direct Deep Black EW by using benzidine.  H acid, aniline, and m-phenylene diamine.

vii) Congo Red from nitrobenzene.

viii) Diamond Black F by using 5-amino salicylic acid, N.W. acid and a – naphthylamine.

ix) Malachite Green by using benzaldehyde and N, N dimethylaniline.

x)  Auramine O from N, N dimethylaniline

xi) Methylene Blue by using 4-amino-N, N dimethylaniline and N, N dimethylaniline 

xii) Afranine T by using p-toluidine and aniline

xiii) Pararosaniline by using p-toluidine and aniline

xiv) Alizarine Cyanine Green G by using phthalic anhydride and p-cholorophenol

xv)  Indanthrene from anthraquinone

xvi) Disperse Yellow 6G from benzanthrone 

xvii) Indigo from aniline

xviii)Thioindigo from anthranilic acid

xix)  Eosine by using phthalic anhydride and resorcinol

xx)   Bismark Brown from m-phenylenediamine

11. Types of fibres and classes of dyes applicable to it (1L)

11.1     Introduction to the following types of fibres with structures and classes of dyes applicable to it.  Cotton, wool, silk, polyester.

12.       Ecology and toxicity of dyes (2L)
With reference to the textile dyes, food colours, benzidine.

Syllabus for Drugs (TYBSc) 2010

Unit - I

1.1General Introduction To Drugs (6L)

1.1.Definition of a drug, requirements of an ideal drug, classification of drugs (based on therapeutic action)

1.2Nomenclature of drugs : generic name, brand name,systematic name.
Definition of the following medicinal : Pharmacon, Pharmacophore, Prodrug,
Half-life efficiency, LD50, ED50, Therapeutic index.

1.1.4  Brief idea of the following terms: receptors, drug – receptor interaction, drug potency, bioavailability, drug toxicity, drug addiction, spurious drugs, misbranded drugs, adulterated drugs, Pharmacopoeia.

1.2  Routes of drug administration and dosage forms (2L)

1.2.1 Oral and parenteral routes with advantages and disadvantages.

1.2.2 Formulations, different dosage forms (emphasis on sustained release formulations).

1.3 Pharmacodynamic agents
A brief introduction of the following pharmacodynamic agents and the study with respect to their chemical structure, chemical class, therapeutic uses, and side effects.
1.4          CNS drugs (5L)
Classification based on pharmacological actions.
Concept of sedation and hypnosis, anesthesia.
Phenobarbitone  (barbiturates ), Phenytoin (hydantoin), Trimethadione (oxazolidinediones), Piracetam (pyranones),  Chlorpromazine (phenothiazines), Fluoxetine (phenyl propyl  amines).
Synthesis of Trimethadione,Methylphenidate,Phenytoin.

1.5 Analgesic (Narcotics and Non-narcotics) and Antipyretics (2L)
Classification of analgesics: Narcotics and non-narcotics, Morphine (phenenthrene alkaloids), Tramadol (cyclohexanols), Aspirin (salicylates), Paracetamol (p-aminophenols). Synthesis of Tramadol, Paracetamol.

1.6 Anti-inflamatory drugs (2L)
Mechanism of inflammation and various inflammatory conditions, Prednisolone; Betamethasone (steroids), Aceclfenac (aryl acetic acids), Mefamic acid (N-aryl anthranilic acids). Synthesis of Aceclophenac.

1.7  Antihistaminic drugs (2L)
Mechanism of histamine release and its action, Diphenylhydramine (ethanolamines), Cetrizine (piperazinyls), Chlorpheniramine maleate (ethyl amines), Pantoprazole (benzimidazoles). Synthesis of Cetrizine.

1.8 Cardiovascular drugs (3L)
Classification based on pharmacological action, enapril (a-amino acids), Isosorbide dinitrate (nitrates), Atenolol (aryloxy propanol amines) Nifedipine (pyridines), Chlorthiazide (thiazide), Furesemide/Furosemide (sulfamyl benzoic acid), Spironolactone (steroidal-17-g-lactones). Synthesis of Frusemide, Atenolol from 4-hydroxy phenyl acetamide.

1.9 Antidiabetic agents (2L)
General idea and types of diabetes, insulin therapy, Glibeclamide (sulphonyl ureas), Metformin (biguanides).

1.10  Antiparkinsonism   drugs (2L)
Idea of Parkinson’s disease. Procylidine hydrochloride (pyrrolidines), Ethopropazine hydrochloride (phenothiazines ), Levodopa (a-amino acids). Synthesis of levodopa from vanillin.

1.11 Drugs For respiratory system (2L)
General idea of Expectorants, Mucolytes, Bronchodilators, Decongestants and Antitussive. Bromhexine (phenyl methyl amine), Salbutamol, Pseudo-ephedrine(phenyl ethyl amines), Oxymethazolines), Codeine Phosphate (opiates), Synthesis of Salbutamol.

1.12 Mode of action of the following drugs (2L)
Barbiturates (as sedatives and hypnotics), Atenolol (as b-1 blocker), Diphenylhydramine (as antihistaminenic agent), Glibenclamide (as oral hypoglycemic agent).

Unit – II

2.1  Drug discovery design and development (5L)
Discovery of a drug (Librium), Discovery of lead compounds: Screening, drug metabolism studies and clinical observations. Drug development freom natural sources: Anti infective agents, CNS agents. Development of drug: the Pharcophore identification, modification of structure or functional group, structure activity relationship (benzodiazepines, sulphonamides). Structure modification to increase potency: Homologation, chain branching, ring-chain transformation, extension of the structure. Computer assisted drug design.

2.2 Drug metabolism (3L)
Introduction, absorbtion,distribution, bio-transformation, excretion, different types of chemical transformation of drugs with specific examples.

2.3 Chemotherapeutic agent (3L)
Study of the following chemotherapeutic agents with respect to their chemical structure, chemical class, therapeutic uses, and side effects.

2.4 Antibiotics (3L)
Definition, characteristics and properties of Amoxicillin, Cloxicillin (b-lactum antibiotics), Cephalexin (cephalosporins), Doxycycline (tetracyclines), Gentamycin (aminoglycosides), Ciprofloxacin (quinolones). Synthesis of Ciprofloxacin.

2.5 Antimalarials  (2L)
Types of Malaria, symptons,pathological detection during window period. (Life cycle of the parasite not to be discussed), Chloroquine (4-amino quinolines), Paludrine (biguanides), Pyrimethamine (diamino pyrimidines), Artemether (benzodioxepins). Following combination to be discussed (i) Sulfadoxine + Pyrimethamine (ii) Artemether + Lumefantrine (no structure). Synthesis of Pyrimethamine, Paludrine.

2.6  Antiamoebic drugs (1L)
Types of amoebiasis. Metronidazole, Ornidazole (nitroimidazoles), Diloxanide furoate (furans). Following combination therapy to be discussed: Ciprofloxacin + Tinidazole. Synthesis of Metronidazole.

2.7  Anthelmintics   (2L)
Drugs effective in the treatment of nematodes and cestodes infestations. Diethyl carbamazine (piperazines), Mebendazole, Albedazole (bezimidazoles), Niclosamide (amides). Synthesis of Albendazole.

2.8 Antitubercular and Antileprotic drugs (4L)
Types of tuberculosis, symptons and diagnosis of tuberculosis. Types of leprosy. General idea of antibiotics used in their treatment. PAS (aminosalicylates), Isoniazide (hydrazides), Pyrazinamide (pyrazines), (+) Ethambutol (aliphatic diamines) Ethionamide (thioamides), Dapsone (sulfonamides), Clofazimine (phenazines). Following combination therapy to be discussed:

• Rifampin + Ethambutonal + Pyrazinamide
• Rifampin + Isoniazide + Pyrazinamide
• Rifampin + Clofazimine + Ethionamide

Synthesis : (+) Ethambutol, Ethionamide, Dapsone.

2.9  Antineoplastic drugs  (2L)
Idea of malignancy, causes of cancer, brief idea of immunostimulants, immunodepressants. Lomostine (nitrosoureas), Fluorouracil (pyrimidines), Estrogen (steroidal hormones), Mitomycin C (antibiotics), Vincristine, Vinblastine, Vindesine (vinca alkaloids structures not expected). Synthesis: 5-Fluorouracil from urea.

2.10  Anti HIV drugs (3L)
Idea of HIV pathogenecity, symptoms of AIDS. AZT, Lamivudine, Stavudine (thymidines), DDI (purines).

2.11 Drug Intermediates: Synthesis and uses (3L)

• 2- Amino-5-chlorobenzophenone from p-chloronitrobenzene.
• 2, 4, 5-Triamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine from guanidine.
• 4-chloro-5-sulphonyl amino anthranilic acid from 4-chloro-2-toluidine.
• P-[2’-(5-chloro-2-methoxy benzamido) ethyl]-benznesulphonamide from methyl-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoate.
• 4-(p-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine from 4-chloroacetophenone.
• P-Acetyl amino benzenesulphonyl chloride from aniline.
• Epichlorohydrins from propene.

2.12  Nanoparticles in medicinal chemistry  (4L)
Introduction, carbon nanoparticles (structures). Carbon nano tubes: Functionalisation for pharmaceutical applications, targeted drug delivery. In vaccine (foot and mouth disease), use in bio-physical treatment. Gold nanoparticles in treatment of cancer, Parkinsonism, Alzheimer. Silver nanoparticles: Antimicrobial activity.